by Overview of OPV & Polio
Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. It primarily affects children under five years of age and can lead to permanent paralysis or even death. India, once a polio-endemic country, has made significant strides in eradicating the disease, with the last reported case in 2011. The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) has been a cornerstone of this success, included in the Universal Immunization Programme to protect children against polio.
What is the Oral Polio vaccine, who should receive it, and what is its schedule?
The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) is a live attenuated vaccine administered orally to protect against poliovirus. It is typically given to all children at birth, followed by additional doses at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. Booster doses are also recommended at 16-24 months and 5 years of age to ensure continued immunity.
Who should avoid the Oral Polio vaccine?
Certain individuals should not receive the OPV due to potential complications. This includes those who:
- Have a weakened immune system due to conditions like HIV/AIDS or cancer.
- Are taking immunosuppressive medications.
- Have had a severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of OPV.
What changes occur after Oral Polio vaccination?
After receiving the OPV, the vaccine virus replicates in the intestine, stimulating an immune response. This process helps the body develop immunity against poliovirus. There are usually no visible changes or side effects immediately after administration. However, in rare cases, the vaccine virus can revert to a virulent form, leading to vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP).
How safe is the Oral Polio vaccine?
The OPV is generally safe and well-tolerated. Common side effects are rare but may include mild fever and gastrointestinal discomfort. The risk of VAPP is extremely low, occurring in approximately 2 to 4 cases per million births. The introduction of the novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) aims to further reduce this risk.
Cost of Oral Polio Vaccine?
The Polio vaccine is administered free of charge twice a year as part of a government initiative. In hospitals, it may cost approximately ₹250 per dose.
When to see a doctor
While the OPV is safe, you should consult a healthcare provider if you notice any of the following:
- Severe allergic reactions such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, or hives.
- Signs of paralysis or muscle weakness.
